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Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral infection caused by the chikungunya virus. It causes fever and severe arthralgia (joint pain) which is often debilitating. The disease can be endemic and epidemic in countries (WHO, 2020).

Typhoid fever is a life-threatening infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. It is usually spread through contaminated food or water. An estimated 11–20 million people get sick from typhoid and between 128,000 and 161,000 people die from it every year (WHO, 2018).

Disaster waste is the waste generated by the impact of a disaster, both as a direct effect of the disaster as well as in the post-disaster phase as a result of poor waste management (UNEP/OCHA, 2011).

A tornado is a rotating column of air, extending from the base of a cumuliform cloud, and often visible as a condensation funnel in contact with the ground, and/or attendant circulating dust or debris cloud at the ground (WMO, 2017).

Lightning is the luminous manifestation accompanying a sudden electrical discharge which takes place from or inside a cloud or, less often, from high structures on the ground or from mountains (WMO, 2017).

Landscape creep is the imperceptibly slow, steady, downward movement of slope-forming soil or rock. Movement is caused by shear stress, sufficient to produce permanent deformation, but too small to produce shear failure (adapted from Hutchinson, 1968; and Varnes, 1978).

Newcastle disease is an infectious disease of birds caused by Newcastle disease virus, of the Paramyxovirdae family. The disease is seen mainly in chickens, but many bird species and even reptiles and mammals are susceptible to infection (OIE, 2018).

Oil pollution includes the accidental or deliberate, operational spills of oil from ships, especially tankers, offshore platforms and pipelines (Global Marine Oil Pollution Information Gateway, no date).

Permafrost is defined as the ground that remains frozen under 0°C for a minimum of two consecutive years. Permafrost loss, also known as permafrost thaw is the progressive loss of ground ice in permafrost, usually due to input of heat. Thaw can occur over decades to centuries over the entire depth of permafrost ground, with impacts occurring while thaw progresses. During thaw, temperature…

A financial shock is an unexpected disturbance which originates from the financial sector and has a significant effect on an economy (e.g. national, regional, or global). The term is largely used to refer to events which have negative impacts (ECB, 2013).